Medical Ethics And Islam Principles And Practice

â€Å"Tracing its origins to the same Semitic soil that bore Judaism and Christianity, Islam continues to deeply influence the beliefs, values, and customs of an estimated one fifth of the human race† (Gatrada, A. R., Sheikhb, A.). The paper will be about medical ethics and Islam; principles and practice. The two primary sources of Law are â€Å"The Qur an (Koran)—The Sunnah—the example, whether in word or deed, of the Prophet Muhammad incorporated in Islamic scriptures† (Gatrada, A. R., Sheikhb, A.). The third source is â€Å"Ijtihad—the law of deductive logic. An example of that is to bring considerable health benefit to communities worldwide, is the move towards outlawing cigarette smoking on the grounds that its adverse consequences to health are now well established† (Gatrada, A. R., Sheikhb, A.). â€Å"We (God) created Man in the most perfect form† (Gatrada, A. R., Sheikhb, A.). This is used to explain that each human life has its own value and own goodness. Since parental integrity is then not compromised and there is no question of hereditary characteristics being influenced. Only somatic cell lines should therefore be used in transplantation of genetic material. â€Å"Know your genealogy and respect your blood ties† (Gatrada, A. R., Sheikhb, A.). Children have the right to be born through a valid union (marriage). They also have the right to know their parentage fully. Artificial insemination and in vitro fertilisation are therefore lawful only if sperm from the husband of theShow MoreRelatedThe Islamic Ethical Principles Of Euthanasia Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesHOW DOES ISLAM RESPOND TO EUTHANASIA? INTRODUCTION The objective of my inquiry is to find and investigate the Islamic ethical principles of the act of euthanasia, to see how Islam responds to euthanasia. 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Effects Of Gambling On A Compulsive, Progressive Disorder

Despite the fact that there is only a vague understanding of the way gambling behaviors progress, chronic gambling is viewed as a compulsive, progressive disorder. Recent studies suggest that the behavioral aspect of gambling is comparable to other addictive habits such as alcoholism, drug addiction, and tobacco use. Due to the comparison to other deviant behaviors, there is a significant level of stigma attached to gambling. The data suggests the onset of behavior results from low socioeconomic status, socio-cultural factors, environmental aspects, and parental gambling elements that led to the introduction of gambling and hinder treatment and recovery seeking behavior. Chronic gamblers are regarded as being a minority of certain â€Å"types of people† therefore labeled and stigmatized. The process of labeling has negative effects, which lead to social distancing, negative emotional reactions, and status loss. Problem gamblers oftentimes are the victim of public stigma, where the general population has a negative reaction, which results in prejudice and discrimination towards individuals and groups who share particular behaviors or conditions. Historically, types of gambling behaviors that have distinguished the disorder imply it is rigid and invariable. However, recent findings have led to a different model that sees behavior as being more flexible and more likely to change over time. The transtheoretical model of recovery seen as one of the most powerful theoriesShow MoreRelatedIs Teenage Gambling a Problem in Canada?1034 Words   |  5 PagesGambling has become one of the major components in Canada’s entertainment industry. No t only has gambling become popular among adults, but it has also gained popularity among teenagers. The various types of gambling include lottery or scratch cards, card games such as blackjack, bingo and gambling machines. 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Accounting For Decision Making And Control -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Accounting For Decision Making And Control? Answer: Introducation Sunshine Ltd, a department store, is using the method of straight-line for calculating deprecation since its establishment. However, the general manager of the company at present has asked the accountant of the company to incorporate the use of sum-of-years digits method in place of straight-line method for calculating deprecation. This is done in context of the economic slowdown expected by the company in the future years and thus such accounting change will help the company in delivering consistent profits to its stakeholders and thus achieving this satisfaction. However, such accounting practice of the company is unfair and unethical as it has decided to conceal this information from its stakeholders by not disclosing this change in the notes to financial statements. Deprecation is referred to a method adopted by a firm to calculate the financial value of an asset over its remaining useful life. The financial entry of the deprecation is reflected in debit column in the income statement. The charging of deprecation reduces an asset value by the calculated amount of depreciation that is subtracted from the asset costs in the balance sheet. Deprecation is calculated for an asset for providing information to the company about the remaining useful life of an asset so that it can prepare for its replacement in advance. The business companies incorporate the use of different methods for gaining knowledge about the deprecation of its assets. The IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) have not placed any mandatory instruction on the businesses for adopting any particular method for charging deprecation over assets. However, the business companies are required to maintain consistency in their financial reporting regarding the accounting methods used for preparation of the general purpose financial statements. The theory of conceptual framework of accounting developed by IFRS has stated that businesses need to maintain consistency during their financial reporting. In addition to this, the theory has also advocated that the businesses need to disclose all the materialistic information in its financial reports. The use of changed method of deprecation by Sunshine Ltd reflects the non-compliance of the company with the principles of conceptual accounting framework theory. The company is not maintaining consistency in its financial reports and is also concealing such information form its stakeholders and therefore its actions can be regarded to be unethical (Deegan, 2014). The straight-line method of calculating deprecation involves the deduction of a fixed amount as depreciation from the respective assets. However, the use of sum of year digit method for calculating depreciation results in charging the depreciation amount only in the first few years over the useful life of an asset. The method also involves charging deprecation on written down value of an asset that is the value remained of an asset after deducting depreciation from the its initial cost in a specific year. Therefore, the method of sum of year method results in accelerating the deprecation amount in the initial years and reducing it over the remaining life of an asset whereas straight-line method chares deprecation in an equal amount throughout an asset life. As such, the decision of the accounts to change the method of depreciation will impact the profitability position of the company and therefore need to be disclosed to its shareholders, investors and creditors. Thus, the decision o f the accountant in the present case to change the method of depreciation without informing the stakeholders is against the theory of corporate governance (Zimmerman and Yahya-Zadeh, 2011). The theory of corporate governance states that businesses need to develop a system of rules, practices and procedures for directing and controlling their overall operational activities and functions. This is essential for balancing the needs of the stakeholders with the business objectives. However, in the present case it can be stated that the company is acting unethical by not developing and implementing a proper corporate governance framework that would prevent the occurrence of unfair business practices. The business stehics is an integral aprt of the corporate governance framework that demands a business organization to act morally by securing the interests of its different stakeholder groups. The present decision of the company management to change the method of depreciation will manipulate its financial accounts and present false information to its shareholders about its financial performance. This is done by the company for ensuring its economic growth in the period of econom ic slowdown by adjusting against inflation that will depict its false financial picture to its shareholders and creditors. The shareholders of the company will be misleading by the consistent profitability depicted by the company during the period of economic slowdown also. The company is playing foul as analyzed form the case study by not communicating the accounting changes to the shareholders and only seeking to attain its business objectives (Ketz, 2006). Sunshine Limited has made two very major mistakes that have adversely impacted the business ethics and also have violated important principles of corporate governance. First mistake is that CEO of the company has forced the accountant to change the method of depreciation accounting in order to have consistency in profits over the future years. Second mistake is that accountant has influenced the investment decisions of the investors through not disclosing the change of method accounting and resultant change in profits due to such change. It will make believe shareholders that company is making good profits even in bad conditions through following the same method of depreciation as earlier. So it can be said that Sunshine Limited has contravened the stakeholders theory that clearly say that shareholders must be informed about any material change in the accounting policy. As per the convention of materiality while performing the financial reporting process, company is required to accou nt for and disclose all the material information in the annual report so that stakeholders can be informed about such change. Here is important to note that change in method of depreciation accounting is a material change as it has impacted the profits a lot, so it should be disclosed in the notes to financial statements (Jeffrey, 2016). The actions of the management at Sunshine Limited have impacted the decisions of two main stakeholders. These two stakeholders are creditors and shareholders of the company. Shareholders are those who invest money in form of capital and creditors are those who provide the funds to the company in form of debts. It is true that both creditors and shareholders depend upon the annual report before they make their decisions. The unethical action of the management at Sunshine Limited has impacted the trust of both the stakeholders that they perceive in the annual report and corporate governance practices of the company (Adams, 2002). The accountant role in preparing the financial statement is vey important in providing proper justification and disclosure of all the material changes in the financial statements due to decision made by the management. In this case accountant has failed to comprehend the same by not disclosing the change in method of accounting and resultant change in profits. So it can be said that accountant has not performed his duties in accordance to the ethical practices of public accountant and is acting against the professional guidelines provided to the accountants. The provisions described in AASB 116 have been disregarded while drafting the annual report and also the provisions provided in AASB 101 has not complied with. AASB 101 deals with the presentation of the financial statements and it provides that any material change in accounting method and reason for change must be disclosed in the financial statements. CEO of the company has been forced to change the method of depreciation witho ut proper reason and same has not been shown in the financial statements (AASB 116, 2017). Key Findings It has been found through overall evaluation of given case regarding the change of depreciation method by the Sunshine Limited that management has unethically manipulate the decision or perception of the shareholders and creditors through changing the amount of profit shown in the income statement. The accountant of the Sunshine Limited has also not disclosed the change of the method of depreciation in the notes to financial statements that has violates the most important provision of the AASB 116. The change of method of method of depreciation without proper reason and also not disclosing the same in the notes to account is totally unacceptable under the principle of business ethics and also it contravene the accounting standards related to the change of method of depreciation and disclosure of same. The accounting standards provided in IFRS and Australian Accounting Standard 101 requires companies to disclose the information regarding any material change in the accounting policies and reasons for such change in the notes to financial statements. So it can be said the Sunshine Limited has disregard the provisions of the AASB 101 as no such disclosure has been made by the company in their annual report that make shareholders unaware about the change in accounting policies and resultant decrease in profits through such change. The actions of the management at Sunshine Limited are clearly against the corporate governance principles (Blake, and Gowthorpe, 2005). Recommendations As the management has already decided to change the method of depreciation without proper reason, so it is advised to the accountant to first disclose the change in the method of depreciation in the notes to financial statements. Also, a detailed report on the change in method of depreciation and resultant change in profits must be communicated to the auditors of the company so that a suitable justification can be provided in the annual report and investors can be aware about such change. Informing auditors about such change will help the accountant to find the appropriate solution to this issue (Cascarino, 2012). As the audit committee if the integral part of the corporate governance and they have power to change back the method of depreciation back to straight line and find the best solution to the current issue. There can be another solution to this problem by providing the reasoned justifications that change in the method depreciation to sum of years digit method will help the co mpany to maximise the profits in year 2018 and 2019. In addition to this, accountant must comply with the provisions of AASB 101 and AASB 116 in order to such change (Drury, 2005). Conclusion The overall analysis clearly indicates that Sunshine Limited has performed unethically and also breaks the principle of corporate governance by changing the method of deprecation and not disclosing the same in notes to account. The most important principle of the corporate governance is that company must strictly follows the accounting standards while performing the process of financial reporting and it has been found that Sunshine Limited has not complied with this corporate governance principle. Some recommendations has been provided to the Sunshine Limited to rectify the mistake. References AASB 116. 2017. [Online]. Available at: https://www.johnwiley.com.au/highered/aas2e/content029/fact_sheets/AASB116_ch10.pdf [Accessed on: 18 January 2018]. Adams, C.A. 2002. Internal organisational factors influencing corporate social and ethical reporting: Beyond current theorizing. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 15(2). pp. 223-250. Blake, J. and Gowthorpe, C. 2005. Ethical Issues in Accounting. Routledge. Cascarino, R.E. 2012. Corporate Fraud and Internal Control: A Framework for Prevention. John Wiley Sons. Deegan, C. 2014. Financial Accounting Theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Drury, C. 2005. Management Accounting for Business. Cengage Learning EMEA. Jeffrey, C. 2016. Research on Professional Responsibility and Ethics in Accounting. Emerald Group Publishing. Ketz, E.J. 2006. Accounting Ethics: Theories of accounting ethics and their dissemination. Taylor Francis. Petra?cua, D. and Tieanub, A. 2014. The Role of Internal auditing in Fraud Prevention and Detection. Procedia Economics and Finance 16, pp. 489 497. Zimmerman, J.L. and Yahya-Zadeh, M., 2011. Accounting for decision making and control.Issues in Accounting Education,26(1), pp.258-259.

Television addiction Essay Example For Students

Television addiction Essay Addicted to TelevisionThe temptations that can disrupt human life are often caused by pure indulgences. That which we most desire may ultimately harm and destroy us. For example, no one has to drink alcohol. Realizing when a diversion has gotten out of control, such as alcohol, is one of the greatest challenges of life. These excessive cravings do not necessarily involve physical substances. Gambling can be compulsive, leading to great financial distress; sex can become obsessive, often altering a persons mentality and behavior. However, one activity is repeatedly over-looked. Most people admit to having a love-hate relationship with it. It is Americas most popular leisure past-time, the television. It is undeniably the medium that attracts the most American attention. Numerous studies have been conducted on the marvelous hold that the television has on its viewers. Percy Tannenbaum of the University of California at Berkeley has written: Among lifes more embarrassing moments have be en countless occasions when I am engaged in conversation in a room while a TV set is on, and I cannot for the life of me stop from periodically glancing over to the screen. This occurs not only in dull conversations but during reasonably interesting ones just as well. Is the television a means of innocent entertainment, or is it a medium that will lead to the unavoidable addiction and dependency?What is it about television that has such a hold on us? Scientists have been studying the effects of television for decades, usually focusing on whether or not there was a direct correlation between viewing violence and acting violent in real life. Less attention has been paid to the basic allure of the small screen, the actual medium instead of what can be viewed on its screen. Scientists who have studied television addiction have come to the conclusion that it is real and affects many Americans without there knowledge. Substance dependence can be characterized by criteria that include: spe nding a lot of time using the substance; using it more often than one intends; thinking about reducing use or making repeated efforts to reduce use; giving up important activities to use it; and exhibiting withdrawal symptoms after stopping use. It does not necessarily mean that those who watch television are immediately categorized as dependants; it is only for those that notice that they should not be watching, yet find themselves unable to reduce their viewing. What causes our profound interest in the television? The amount of time that people spend watching television is astonishing. The average individual will devote three hours a day to watch television. At this rate, a person who lives to be 75 would spend a total of nine years in front of the television. Based on polls taken in 1992 and 1999, two out of five adults and seven out of ten teenagers said they spend too much time in front of the television; roughly 10 percent of the adults called themselves television addicts. To study the physical and mental reactions to television, scientists have conducted experiments monitoring brain waves, skin resistance and the heart rate of people watching television. After analyzing the data, scientists discovered that people viewing television reported feeling relaxed and passive. More relaxed than while reading a book. Studies have also shown that the relaxation caused from watching ended once the television was turned-off, but the feelings of passivity and lowered alertness continued. Viewers reported having difficulty concentrating after viewing than before. After playing sports or engaging in hobbies, people repot improvements in mood. After watching television, people report that their moods are about the same or worse. One of the reasons that we are so attracted to the television is our orienting response. First described by Ivan Pavlov in 1927, the orienting response is our instinctive visual or auditory reaction to any sudden or novel stimulus. It is part of our evolutionary heritage, a built in sensitivity to movement and potential threats (Kubey 77). In 1986, Byron Reeves and his colleagues began their study on whether simple features of television cuts, edits, zooms, pans, sudden noised activate the orienting response, causing attention to be focused on the screen. By studying brain waves, the researchers concluded that these .ue2f701b32242275c744d664c1b09fc1b , .ue2f701b32242275c744d664c1b09fc1b .postImageUrl , .ue2f701b32242275c744d664c1b09fc1b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue2f701b32242275c744d664c1b09fc1b , .ue2f701b32242275c744d664c1b09fc1b:hover , .ue2f701b32242275c744d664c1b09fc1b:visited , .ue2f701b32242275c744d664c1b09fc1b:active { border:0!important; } .ue2f701b32242275c744d664c1b09fc1b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue2f701b32242275c744d664c1b09fc1b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue2f701b32242275c744d664c1b09fc1b:active , .ue2f701b32242275c744d664c1b09fc1b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue2f701b32242275c744d664c1b09fc1b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue2f701b32242275c744d664c1b09fc1b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue2f701b32242275c744d664c1b09fc1b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue2f701b32242275c744d664c1b09fc1b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue2f701b32242275c744d664c1b09fc1b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue2f701b32242275c744d664c1b09fc1b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue2f701b32242275c744d664c1b09fc1b .ue2f701b32242275c744d664c1b09fc1b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue2f701b32242275c744d664c1b09fc1b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Employee Privacy Concerning Drug Testing in the Wo Essay We will write a custom essay on Television addiction specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Free Essays on Creationism Vs. Evolution

: Theory, Law, and Hypothesis. The definitions will allow for a greater underezding of this essay and give us an even ground upon which to begin. - Theory; noun 1. a. Systematically organized knowledge applicable in a relatively wide variety of circumezces, especially a system of assumptions, accepted principles, and rules of procedure devised to analyze, predict, or otherwise explain the nature or behavior of a... Free Essays on Creationism Vs. Evolution Free Essays on Creationism Vs. Evolution In my short life on this planet I have come to question things that many take upon blind faith. We all know that we must some day die; yet we continuously deny the forces at work inside ourselves, which want to search out the answers of what may or may not come after. It is far easier for humanity to accept that they will go to a safe haven and be rewarded for their lives with pleasures and fantasies of an unfathomable scale than to question the existence of a supposed omnipotent being. Yet, there are a few of us humans who tend to question the why's and wherefore's that society puts forth to us. We question the existence of God, or the creation of mankind rather than blindly accepting faith-filled beliefs we may received from our parents as children. Perhaps it is because we live in a nation filled with many peoples of different beliefs whose Gods are all so varied and different that it is difficult to fathom that they are all the same divine being. It is also plausible that we just have a desire to quench the thirst for knowledge that lies deep within ourselves. As for myself, I cannot believe in a being which created a universe and a multitude of worlds in a rather short period of time then deigns to lower itself into becoming a puppet-master and "pulling the strings" of the Earth and all of the people therein. Since this paper touches upon many scientific terms, I feel that in order for the reader to correctly grasp the content I must first define three words: Theory, Law, and Hypothesis. The definitions will allow for a greater underezding of this essay and give us an even ground upon which to begin. - Theory; noun 1. a. Systematically organized knowledge applicable in a relatively wide variety of circumezces, especially a system of assumptions, accepted principles, and rules of procedure devised to analyze, predict, or otherwise explain the nature or behavior of a...

Online Public Schools for Pennsylvania Students

Online Public Schools for Pennsylvania Students Students residing in Pennsylvania can  take online public school courses for free. Schools included in this article met the following qualifications: they have classes available completely online, they offer services to state residents, and they are government-funded. Presented here is a list of some no-cost online schools serving elementary and high school students in Pennsylvania as of May 2017.   21st Century Cyber Charter School Pennsylvania students in grades 6 to 12 can attend 21CCCS, which provides a rigorous and personalized curriculum, highly qualified instructional staff and a supportive educational community. Using PSSA scores, Keystone Exam scores, PSAT participation, SAT scores and other academic performance measures, 21CCCS regularly outperforms other Pennsylvania cyber schools. 21CCCS holds the highest score of any cyber charter  on the College Ready Benchmark, which includes the SAT and ACT scores of 12th-grade students. 21CCCS has also been ranked in the top 5 to 10 percent of high schools in Pennsylvania for SAT scores. The school provides students with a flexible, individualized learning environment. Asynchronous learning offers students 24/7 course access and a 56-hour-per-week window where they can work one on one with PA certified, highly qualified teachers. Agora Cyber Charter School Agora Cyber Charter School’s mission and commitment are to provide an â€Å"innovative, intense academic program that inspires and educates students to achieve the highest levels of academic knowledge and skills and develop proficiency in the design and use of new computer technologies and scientific research.† The school partners with families and the community to ensure that every student’s Individualized Learning Plan is not only met but exceeded. Agora Cyber Charter School’s nine core values, which shape and define the school’s climate and culture, are empowerment, innovation, respect, compassion, integrity, personalization, teamwork, courage, and responsibility. Reach Cyber Charter School Reach Cyber Charter School courses are offered throughout the year- during the fall, spring and summer sessions. As a result, this online high school provides Pennsylvania school students with three flexible graduation pacing options. In the Standard Pace option, students take a full course load in fall and spring. For the Year-Round Pace options, students take fewer classes than usual in fall and spring, but they also attend school in summer. Accelerated Pace students attend full-time year round, leading to early graduation. The school uses a secure education management system on which parents and students can locate necessary documents, communicate with teachers, find daily lessons and more. SusQ-Cyber Charter School SusQ-Cyber Charter School uses a blended curriculum, with content from a variety of providers. In synchronous online classrooms, students participate along with other students and the teacher in real time. As a fully staffed public high school, SusQ-Cyber has a Guidance Department, Student Health Services, and a Special Education Department. The school’s technical support staff, among other tasks, keeps up with all the gear that students receive: an Apple computer, as well as an iPad for 11th- and 12th-grade students, any necessary software; a personal internet hot spot; a printer and ink; and calculators.

Complementary therapies in the health care system Essay

Complementary therapies in the health care system - Essay Example [3] According to the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), CAM is defined as "a group of diverse medical and healthcare systems, practices, and products that are not presently considered to be part of conventional medicine". [4] Complementary medicine suggests treatments in conjunction with Western medicine, for example, aromatherapy can be used to lessen patients discomfort after surgery, and eucalyptus can complement antihistamines for allergic rhinitis. Alternative therapies suggest replacements for western medicine, for example, when a special diet is used for cancer patients instead of chemotherapy, radiation, or surgery. [2] Integrative medicine combines conventional Western medical therapies and CAM, for which there is some high-quality substantiated evidence for safety and efficacy. A very popular form of integrative medicine is seen in immune enhancement products, such as vitamins A, B6, C, zinc, Echinacea, and eucalyptus oil. [2] Cassileth (2001) initially observed that only 8% to 10% of patients with biopsy-diagnosed malignancy use alternative treatments. [6] However, the growth in the nutritional supplement industry indicates that there is a significant rise in the use of complementary/integrative nutritional therapies (CINTs) for disease treatment as well as for prevention in general. [7]CINTs are being sought by 30% to 80%of cancer patients during cancer treatment and for prevention. The most frequent users are those with breast cancer (80% to 85%)[8][9],pediatric cancers(46%)[10],prostatic cancer(27% to 43%)[11][12],and head and neck cancer(25%)[13]. A study reported by Kao and Devine (2000) observed that 37% of prostate cancer patients were using complementary nutritional modalities concurrently with radiation treatment. These ongoing studies indicate that complementary medicine use is much more prevalent among cancer patients than has been previously believed. Although patients,

Organisational Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organisational Culture - Essay Example Involvement is a very important factor in any place of work. Everyone needs to feel like they are part of the organization so that they can concentrate all their effort in making the company better. In Denison’s model, involvement is one of the components of an effective organization. According to the model, involvement makes people in the organization feel that whatever their input is, it is not taken for granted; instead it is used to make the organization better (Denison et al, 104). Involvement should also not target some people in the organization and leave out other. Everyone form the most junior worker to the highest ranking official needs to be involved in the day to day running of the company (Parker, 2002). Consistency is another important aspect of an affective organization as proposed by the Denison model. Organizational cultures need to be consistent and well coordinated. This way, the core values of the organization will be entrenched and a positive work attitude created among every employee in the organization (Denison et al, 100). When the organizational culture is consistent, running the organization becomes very easy and efficient. Employers and employees can come to agreements on certain issues affecting the company even if they might have divergent points of view. This creates an atmosphere of tolerance and respect which promotes the organization’s productivity (Alvesson, 2002). Adaptability is the third aspect of an effective organization that Denison explains in his model.

The Chief Operations Officer’s Essay Example for Free

The Chief Operations Officer’s Essay The Chief Operations Officer’s role focuses on the execution of day-to-day operations and oversight of all the departments; to include morale, welfare, and employee conduct in the company. In order for the company to successfully prepare for an Initial Public Offering we will need to revise the employee handbook, resolve some specific internal employee matters and implement a whistleblower policy. Employment-at-will refers to common law which holds employees that work for an unspecified time period work at the will of their employers and employment can be dismissed any time (Zachary, 2012, p. 25), for good cause, bad cause or no cause, by either the employer or the employee. Some exceptions of dismissal for employment-at-will include discrimination against race, national origin, color, religion, sex, age, and disability, other exceptions are wrongful discharge in violation of public policy or breach of contract, the promise of â€Å"good faith and fair dealing† in a contract of employment or suggesting contractual requirements based off of the company’s handbook or policy statement (Halbert Ingulli, 2012, p. 50), and tort whether the policy is found in legislation, constitutions, legal hearings, administrative practices, or other sources (Zachary, 2012, p. 25). The tort law offers the employee the chance to convince a jury to award damages (money awards) for â€Å"wrongful discharge† (Halbert Ingulli, 2012, p. 51). Some state and federal statutes may also prohibit the discharge of employees for their participation in jury duty, filing workers compensation claims, involvement in the union, conducting military duty or certain occurrences in whistle-blowing (Zachary, 2012, p. 21). Our company operates off of voluntary employment; therefore, general counsel reviewed the employment-at-will doctrine and exceptions mentioned above and legal termination is an option for all eight employees based off of either personnel misconduct or violation against our company’s rules and regulations cited in the employee handbook. Table 1, titled, â€Å"Employee Conduct and Rational for Termination or Continued Employment†, illustrates the eight personnel actions under investigation and the decision for termination or continued employment. The decisions to terminate or retain the employees stem from a reflective approach that melds traditional theories and modern theories of ethics. Two particular theories that support the decision are the consequences-based approach which provides the greatest good to the majority of the people, in this case, the company as a whole and the Proactive theory decision based off of recommendations or actions are just from the very start (Harcourt, Hannay, Lam, 2013, p. 312). One of the decision rules from the Proactive theory used is the parity rule which ties all similar actions performed in a similar environment receive the same or similar consequence (Harcourt, et al, 2013, p. 313). If the company is to become successful with the launch of the public offering then employees must be accountable for their actions of misconduct or violations against the company employee handbook. In addition to personnel actions mentioned above, I recommend we adopt a whistleblower policy based off the internal allegations against the accounting department for falsified expense reports and before we take the company public. Implementing a whistleblower policy will provide the employees a voice of the company, reduce monitoring expenses, stimulate additional decision-making (Moberly, 2012, p. 11) among employees, supervisors, and senior management, will protect against illegal conduct and provide greater oversight of company resources and assets (Shackelford, 2009, p. 3). Furthermore, the Securities and Exchange Commission and the New York Stock Exchange issued regulations under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act that listed companies must provide their Codes of Ethics to the public (Moberly, 2012, p. 19). Our commitment to the workforce is to implement a whistleblower policy that focuses on the three fundamental items of clear guidelines, policies, and procedures (Gould, 2009, p. 3) for reporting organizational misconduct. Our whistleblower policy and Code of Ethics should be included in the revised employee handbook, posted on the company website and a hardcopy distributed and signed by each employee. The policy guidelines should contain our objective and scope of the policy so we can address what we want to accomplish (Shackelford, 2009, p. 3). Our policies will indicate that all employees, hourly to senior level management salary employees, are required to report organizational misconduct and to assist in any investigation by law enforcement or regulatory agency. Step-by-step reporting procedures will also be included in the policy. Employees will have the right to submit the report directly to their first line supervisor unless that individual is involved in the matter then report the situation to the next supervisor in the chain. If employees feel uncomfortable using their direct reporting chain then they can submit the report through the company action hotline, anonymously or directly to the audit committee. The individual’s confidentiality will remain as confidential as practicable (Shackelford, 2009, p. 3). Our company encourages the employees to report the wrongdoing internally through the use of our open-door policy or through the various avenues aforementioned rather than blowing the whistle externally. Our company will not tolerate retaliation against employees reporting wrongdoing or whistleblowing. In conclusion, as the Chief Operations Officer, I reviewed the employment-at-will doctrine, conducted and resolved eight thorough employee investigations that required my immediate attention, and provided background information that supports my recommendation on implementing a whistleblower policy prior to our public offering.

Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare :: Papers

Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare Works Cited Missing Many miraculous events happen in Shakespeare's, "A Midsummer Night's Dream." Magic is an extensive part of the play, as well as, the incredible characters, including: Puck, Lysander, Hermia, Helena, Bottom, and many more. A numerous amount of the characters play more than one important part, to progress interest, in the play. But the most important event in the play is that love and betrayal are the two most crucial elements in the development of the play. One of the characters, Lysander, loves Hermia. They are deeply in love with each other and they care about one another very much. Lysander says, "I will my Hermia" (1.1.227). What he means by this is that he will do anything for her, and by justifying my, he is saying that they are together, and Hermia is his one true love. "Content with Hermia! No; I do repent the tedious minutes I with her have I spent. Not Hermia but Helena I love" (2.2.111-113). Lysander betrays his love for Hermia by getting a magical spell in his eyes to make him love Helena. But he does not get this magic done to him just once, but twice. So, he falls back in love with Hermia, and he stays with her for the rest of eternity. Another one of the characters, Demetrius, loves Hermia, just as Lysander does. Demetrius says, "And here am I, and wood within this

Frankenstein and Paradise Lost Essay

Shelley’s story of a creature created by Victor Frankenstein has striking similarities to Milton’s ‘Paradise Lost’ from the outset, as the second letter in the novel that documents Frankenstein’s misfortune, is sent from ‘Archangel’. Satan was an archangel before he was banished from heaven for challenging God, and we know that he was supposedly perfect. Frankenstein sought to make ‘a human being in perfection’, although both the creature and Satan fell from grace at the hand of their creators. The opening line of Paradise Lost underpins the correlation between the tales; ‘Paradise Lost’ opens with the lines, ‘Of Man’s first disobedience, and the fruit, Of that forbidden tree,’ this is referring to Adam who took forbidden fruit from the tree of knowledge and was therefore exiled by God. This story of Eden and mans downfall has obviously influenced Shelley as Frankenstein’s pursuit of ‘nature to her hiding places’ is what led to the demise of himself and his family. Milton’s Satan challenges God; Adam and Eve are tempted by Satan to eat the forbidden fruit and this echoes in Shelley’s novel and Milton’s poem, as he tells us that ‘heaven hides nothing from thy view. ‘ Yet both Satan and Frankenstein want more than nature has to offer, and the irony in the events leading up to the monsters creation are highlighted, by Shelley’s use of dark and gothic descriptions of foraging in ‘vaults and charnel-houses,’ and how ‘the worm inherited the wonders of the eye and brain.. ‘ This dark depiction echoes the fate of Frankenstein, the monster and Milton’s Satan, as they all endure an experience of Hell; Frankenstein’s personal hell was of ‘of intense tortures such as no language can describe,’ and his endurance of a ‘deep, dark, death like solitude, ironically echoes his creation’s feelings of loneliness and despair. The monster however, ‘considered Satan as the fitter emblem’ of his condition and continued sufferings, but his hell was also a personal one, to be lived out on earth, and unfortunately alone. Satan, at least, had ‘his host of rebel angels’ and had experience of a ‘father’ and being loved, his demise was through choice, as was Frankenstein’s. It is Satan and the monster who initially invoke the readers compassion, as the monster seems of a benevolent nature as he watched the ‘beloved’ De Lacy family and took ‘pleasure’ in aiding their labours. He also shows altruistic behaviour in saving a drowning girl, and lighting a fire to warm his creator, making him possibly more sympathetic than Frankenstein, who forgot his family in his aspirations to ‘become greater than his nature will allow. ‘ The monster states, after reading Paradise Lost and other literature he has found after eating the metaphorical apple, that ‘sorrow only increased with knowledge’, as he became aware from the De Lacey’s, of such things as love and acceptance that he came to long for. His good intent could also be interpreted on his hearing Saphie play music that he found ‘so entrancingly beautiful that they at once drew tears of sorrow and of delight from my eyes. ‘ Satan’s ruin also came from his pursuit of knowledge, leading both ‘men’ to their exile from the people they sought acceptance from. According to Stephen Boyd*, Shelley’s husband believed that ‘men are not inherently corrupt, and that they are perfectible,’ adding to the influence of Frankenstein being to blame for the monster’s feelings of ‘vengeance to all mankind,’ and Frankenstein’s own corruption when trying to discover ‘the elixir of life. ‘ Shelley portrays the monster in child-like ways throughout the novel, as he learns empirically; ‘it was a long time before I was able to distinguish between the operations of my various senses,’ and he burns himself with fire as a child with no awareness would. This allows the reader to feel some empathy towards this ‘wretched creature’, as we imagine an abandoned child, but also reinforces her exploration of human nature as potentially good. Frankenstein and the creature both state they were ‘formed for peaceful happiness’, like Milton’s Adam, making them perfect antiheroes. It could be argued that the monster’s rejection is what made him commit such heinous crimes against Frankenstein’s loved ones, as the rejection he continually faced made him ‘wretched’. We could see Shelley taking the stance that man made a monster, and man also made him monstrous. As the monster lives in a hut, we are reminded that he doesn’t only live outside physically, but emotionally as he is a mere voyeur of family life while watching the De Lacys, and this social exclusion is to blame for his murderous behaviour, again relating to Satan who was excluded my his creator. We could again relate this to Satan who is looking for earth and is also ‘racked with deep despair,’ as are Shelley’s characters. Frankenstein also resembles God, as he created his own version of Adam, and the monster that he constantly refers to as ‘fiend’ and ‘devil’ reminds him; ‘You, my creator, abhor me..’ his plea resounds through the humanity of every reader who has ever felt alone or incomplete, but these feelings however are to be changed as the monster commits heinous crimes against the humanity he once ‘longed for,’ and on his final rejection he cries; ‘oh, earth†¦ the mildness of my nature had fled, and all within me was turned to bitterness and gall. ‘ This is when the role of God is transferred from Frankenstein and to the monster who will now decide his fate.

Cause of Prejudice Essay

There are many types of prejudice in modern society. The definition of prejudice according to Webster’s Dictionary is â€Å"an adverse opinion or leaning formed without just grounds or before sufficient knowledge.† The causes of some prejudice can be linked to a person’s childhood. The effects of being prejudice can be harmful to the person who is prejudice and to the people or group that person is prejudice of. The causes of racial prejudice stem mainly from childhood. One way childhood can cause a person to be more prejudice is where that person lived as a child. For example, if a child lives in southern United States, that person is more likely to be more prejudice against African-Americans because their culture in the South has been more prejudice towards that group because it has had a prejudice toward that group in general for many years due to slavery. This is not to say that all people in the South are prejudice but it does lean more prejudice against that group. Whereas, in the northern states, there is less prejudice in general towards African-Americans. Another way childhood can affect whether or not a person has a prejudice is their family and how they were raised. If a child see’s their family or parents using racial slurs or putting down a race for any reason, that child could grow up to be the same way and think it is acceptable to have a prejudice. The effect of that could be going in public or at school using derogatory comments towards a race and thinking that it is alright and hurting someone’s feelings. Living in a household with more open views to other races allows for a child to be more open, show less prejudice to others, and be more accepting and tolerant. A child could also pick up prejudice opinions through their friends. Their friends could be bullying another child due to his race and that child could join along to fit in. This also is a major problem in schools because that child that is bullied could resent his classmates and this can cause many more problems down the road. If a child can learn to not fall into the peer pressure of bullying others for being different then more children could  follow and there is the solution to bullying in schools. Children are very impressionable and the more we can teach them about tolerance and to be more open to others than the better off as a society we are. With less prejudice there wouldn’t be as much violence because much of the violence that happens has some sort of prejudice attached with it. Also, the more open we are then the fewer problems we will have because everyone will get along and focus on more important issues of the world.

Reality in ExistenZ essays

Reality in ExistenZ essays ExistenZ is a film that primarily engages with our perception of reality. It plays on our perceptions of what reality is, cleverly cultivating a sense of the unknown through subtle distortions of our reality; playing with the medium of film which is, in essence, a suspension of disbelief. ExistenZ uses the knowledge that as a viewer we will accept 'the world of the film' to be a reality because, it is a different world, one artificially created which we can accept to be real. We are initially invited to accept the conditions of the film as we, the viewers, begin the film as spectators watching a scene set in the future, seeing the characters attempting to enter into a virtual reality world, one which we can recognise as unreal. We are then invited to question the reality of this world through subtle devices such as the saturation of colour, the background and a two-headed mutant which through Jude Laws eyes we are allowed to see is not unusual, though, at this stage we are still led to believe that this could be reality. The sense that this is the true reality of the film is then further promoted by taking us into the realm of virtual reality inviting us to believe the former world as a truth. ExistenZ plays with our perceptions by constantly changing what we believe to be reality by always leaving it open, but taking us further and further into the unknown. So, we are then forced to question, what is reality? By his multi layered approach which gradually becomes more and more unreal, David Cronenburg leads us to the conclusion that the worlds of the film that are most like ours must be the reality, but a the same time undermining that reality with phrases such as, I am not sure here is here anymore. This is repeatedly reinforced throughout the film with he emphasis that is placed upon the name of the game and its sponsors leaving the audience unsure as to whether or not we are ...

5 Questions to Expect in a Retail Job Interview

5 Questions to Expect in a Retail Job Interview you’ve turned in a rockin’ retail resume, showing that you’re a mature, responsible, personable individual. the you-on-paper is looking better than ever. but you’re not done- if they like what they see, it’s time for the next stage: the interview. what can you expect there? what’s your experience?the interviewer is going to know what kind of retail experience you have- or, if you’re new, what your relevant experiences are. as a starting point, your resume has the outline of your answer here. in the interview, it’s your job to flesh those out. here’s where you’ll want to fill in some context about your previous jobs:what kinds of environments have you worked in?how big were your previous stores/employers, and what were the daily operations like?what were your past responsibilities?do you have specific stats to illustrate your past jobs? (sales figures, concrete growth, any awards or recognition)did you progress/take on increasing responsibility/get promoted during your time there?how do you serve customers?the customer may or may not always be right, but one of the top things a retail employer will want to know is what kind of service you provide. specific anecdotes work great here. do you have a knack for converting medium interest into an actual sale? how have you handled difficult customer situations or angry customers? how did you take company policy and best practices to resolve challenging customer situations? how do you approach customers? again, use real stories from your experience, preferably ones that highlight good customer outcomes, examples of you thinking fast on your feet, and/or ones that show you enhancing your store’s brand.what do you know about the industry?it’s important to know how store operations work. retail jobs can call on you to be a jack-of-all-trades when extra hands are needed in a variety of departments, so an interviewer may want to test your ver satility. be prepared for questions on things like handling sales/money, inventory, point-of-sale (pos) systems, security, and loss prevention.what makes you a great salesperson?an unavoidable part of working in retail is working with the public. the unpredictable, not-always-pleasant public. the interviewer is going to want to make sure you’re enough of a people person to provide a good customer experience, and stay cool in a variety of situations. if you get a question like this, be sure to emphasize your personal qualities, like good teamwork, positivity, the ability to work independently on projects without constant guidance, and the ability to work under supervision and take direction just as well.what are your expectations?retail is an industry that’s famous for unpredictable hours and shifts, as well as for requiring working nights, weekends, and holidays. during the interview, it’s important to be up front about your schedule and availability- the more f lexible, the better. you may also be asked about what you expect for compensation. your best bet is to do a little legwork ahead of the interview, and research what similar jobs are making. hourly wages? commissions based on sales? then in the interview, you can give reasonable ballpark figures if asked, and you can also ask more specific questions about how compensation will work in this job, once the interviewer opens that door.if you organize your interview prep around these areas, you’re well on your way. be ready to provide specific stories that back up your resume bullet points, and don’t forget to emphasize your next-level customer service skills. good luck!search for retail jobsthejobnetwork has you covered, with thousands of listings in all areas of retail. start searching below, and use the above interview tips to land your next gig!retail merchandiser jobsretail clerk jobsretail store manager jobsretail buyer jobs

D1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

D1 - Assignment Example But above all, the most important aspect is knowing how to use the code of conducts, since the application of the ethical code of conduct is the ultimate goal, to realize a good and fruitful relationship between children and their administrators (Feeney & Freeman, 2005). The knowledge of the NAEYC Code of Ethical Conduct impacts on how I solve ethical dilemma that may arise between me and the children. While working with children, it is fundamental to understand that some of the most important values upheld by the children may conflict, thus creating an ethical dilemma (Feeney & Freeman, 2005). Nevertheless, with the knowledge of the NAEYC Code of Ethical Conduct, it becomes easy to negotiate between the values and arrive at a decision that is neither contradictory nor inappropriate to the belief and value system of the child’s family, in the realization of the importance of the bond between a child and family (Feeney & Freeman,

How and In What Ways Information Technology Has Changed How We Essay

How and In What Ways Information Technology Has Changed How We Collaborate - Essay Example Information technology, which is a core element of information, has influenced many aspects of organizations. First, the adoption of IT has led to changes in the organizational structures. The organizational structure refers to the arrangement of authority and communication relationships as well as a workflow in an organization (Kirst-Ashman & Hull, 2008; Golembiewski, 2000). The type of organizational structure influences the level and nature of collaboration in the organization. Hierarchical organizational structures limit collaboration because they tend to focus on top-down collaborations. However, flat organizational structures enhance collaboration across the organization because people from different levels or different departments within the same level can communicate easily. The integration of IT into organizations has influenced the transformation of organizational structures from the hierarchical structures that prevailed before the development of IT to flat organizational structures with little hierarchical levels. Therefore, with the adoption of IT, the barriers to communication and collaboration that existed in organizations because of the hierarchical structure were eliminated or reduced. Organizations that have adopted IT have increasingly reduced the hierarchical levels in favor of flat structures. In a flat organization, people working in the different departments can easily communicate without having to follow the strict hierarchical and bureaucratic systems of communication and authority.

Exponential Decay of a Transition Metal Complex Ion Lab Report

Exponential Decay of a Transition Metal Complex Ion - Lab Report Example It has shown that the rate of alpha, beta, and electron capture decays all depend on temperature and whether they are placed in an insulating or a conducting material. Thats exciting because it raises the possibility of treating radioactive waste products. But it also raises a problem for particle physicists whose entire standard model assumes that decay rates cannot be influenced by external factors. The two are unrelated, so no there is no relationship between the two properties. I dont think temperature has anything to do with the nucleonic states, only the kinetic energy of the electrons in a solid. So temperature should have no effect on half life. In fact, temperature and chemical changes have no effect on the decay of nuclides. The only way to change the half life is to move it at relativistic speeds and then it becomes a matter of which reference frame you measure it in. In fact for the frame at rest with the nuclide there is no change in half life at relativistic

Environmental Impacts Of Large Dams Environmental Sciences Essay

Environmental Impacts Of Large Dams Environmental Sciences Essay About 48000 large dams have been built as a response to meet energy or water need. Nearly half of the worlds rivers have at least one large dam. One-third of the countries in the world rely on hydropower for more than half their electricity supply, and large dams generate 19% of electricity overall. Half the worlds large dams were built exclusively or primarily for irrigation, and some 30-40% of the 271 million hectares irrigated worldwide rely on dams. There are dams on nearly half of the rivers of the world (Table 2.6). Six percent of the energy consumed in the world is produced from hydraulic power. Additionally, hydraulic power is in the second rank within the renewable energy sources and every year it increases 4 percent in the world. Dams whose height is more than 15 meters are referred to as big dams. Clearly, dams can play an important role in meeting peoples needs (Table 2.7). Table 2.6. Distribution of Dams on the World Continent Number of Dams Percentage of the total Africa 1269 2.7 Asia 31340 65.8 America 8989 18.8 Europe 5480 11.5 Australia 577 1.2 Total 47655 100 Source: World Commission on Dams, Dams and Development, 2000. There are always two opinions about dams the supporters talk about the economic benefits of irrigation, electricity generation, flood control and water supply, the opponents highlight the adverse impacts of displacement and impoverishment of people, destruction of ecosystems and fishery resources, and possibility of disaster if the dam breaks. Environmental Impacts of Large Dams Land and water are ecologically linked in a natural system called a watershed. From the smallest droplet to the mightiest river, water works to shape the land, taking with it sediment and dissolved materials that drain to watercourses and, in most cases, eventually to the sea. The river is a product of the land it flows through the type of rock and soil, the shape of the land, and the amount of vegetation are some of the factors that determine the rivers shape, size and flow. When a large dam is constructed, these ties between the land and the river are broken and the consequences are felt throughout the watershed, as well as by the web of life it supports. Some 40,000 large dams, most of which were built in the past 50 years, now obstruct the worlds rivers. More than 400,000 square kilometers an area larger than Zimbabwe, have been inundated by reservoirs worldwide. The worlds largest impoundment, the 8,500 sq km Volta Reservoir behind Ghanas Akasombo Dam, flooded 4% of that nations land area. An internal survey of hydroelectric dam projects by World Bank has shown that 58% of the dams were planned and built without any consideration of downstream impacts. Table 2.7. Countries having the Biggest Dams according to Size and Function Rank Countries having Biggest Dams Ranking with respect to Dams Function Electrical Energy Water For Drinking and Daily Use Irrigation Flood Protection 1. China China USA China China 2. USA USA United Kingdom India USA 3. India Canada Spain USA Japan 4. Spain Japan Japan Korea Brazil 5. Japan Spain Australia Spain Germany 6. Canada Italy Thailand Turkey Romania 7. Korea France South Africa Japan Mexico 8. Turkey Norwegen Brazil Mexico Korea 9. Brazil Brazil France S. Africa Canada 10 France Swedish Germany Albania Turkey Source: World Commission on Dams, Dams and Development, 2000. The following are a few serious environmental impacts of dams: . (i) Effects on River Systems Reducing the flow of water from a river changes the landscape it flows through, which in turn can affect the ecosystems flora and fauna. A dam holds back sediments, especially the heavy gravel and cobbles. The river, deprived of its sediment load, seeks to recapture it by eroding the downstream channel and banks, undermining bridges and other riverbank structures. Riverbeds are typically eroded by several meters within a decade of first closing a dam; the damage can extend for tens or hundreds of kilometers below a dam. Riverbed deepening lowers the groundwater table along a river, threatening vegetation and local wells in the floodplain and requiring crop irrigation in places where there was previously no need. The depletion of riverbed gravels reduces habitat for many fish that spawn in the river bottom, and for invertebrates such as insects, molluscs and crustaceans. Changes in the physical habitat and hydrology of rivers are implicated in 93% of freshwater fauna declines in North America. Before construction of the Aswan Dam in Egypt, the Nile River carried about 124 million tons of sediment to the sea each year, depositing nearly 10 million tons on the floodplain and delta. Today, 98% of that sediment remains behind the dam. The result has been a drop in soil productivity. The Aswan Dam has also led to serious coastal erosion, another problem stemming from the loss of sediments in a dammed river. Another example of this problem is along the mouth of the Volta River in Ghana. Akosombo Dam has cut off the supply of sediment to the Volta Estuary, affecting also neighboring Togo and Benin, whose coasts are now being eaten away at a rate of 10-15 meters per year. (ii) Hydrological Effects Dams change the pattern of the flow of a river, both reducing its overall volume and changing its seasonal variations. The nature of the impacts depends on the design, purpose and operation of the dam. All parts of a rivers ecology can be impacted by changes to its flow. A rivers estuary, where fresh water meets the sea, is a particularly rich ecosystem. Some 80% of the worlds fish catch comes from these habitats, which depend on the volume and timing of nutrients and fresh water. The alteration of the flows reaching estuaries because of dams and diversions is a major cause of the precipitous decline of sea fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico, the Black and Caspian Seas, Californias San Francisco Bay, the Eastern Mediterranean and others. (iii) Changes to Flooding The storage of water in dams delays and reduces floods downstream. River and floodplain ecosystems are closely adapted to a rivers flooding cycle. The native plants and animals depend on its variations for reproduction, hatching, migration and other important lifecycle stages. Annual floods deposit nutrients on the land, flush out backwater channels, and replenish wetlands. It is generally recognized by biologists that dams are the most destructive of the many abuses causing the rapid disappearance of riverine species. About 20% of the worlds recognized 8,000 freshwater species are threatened with extinction. The first effect of a dam is to alter the pattern of disturbances that the plants and animals of a river have evolved for. Many aquatic animals coordinate their reproductive cycles with annual flood seasons. Every flood is valuable in that it takes nutrients from the land and deposits them in the river, providing food for the streams residents. Floods also provide shallow backwater areas on vegetated and shaded riversides; the young of many animals depend on these backwaters to protect them from large predators.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As an example, a fish on a certain river may only reproduce during April of every year so that its offspring will have abundant food and places to hide. If the flood never comes because a dam holds the river back (because people want the water for themselves), the offspring may be produced during a time when they cannot possibly survive. If the fish can wait until the next flood, which may be in July, its young will be born during the wrong time of year, and will have to contend with the absence of their normal food supply and temperatures for which they are not prepared. Vegetation, too, depends upon these regular cycles of flood. Quite often, people will decide that they can spare no water at all and no flooding will occur. Or they may have built the dams specifically to stop flooding, so they can build houses in the floodplains. When this happens, riparian vegetation, the vegetation bordering the river, changes forever. (iv) Removing Sediment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another reason that riverbeds become scoured and armored is that dams remove all the sediment from the river. It is natural that the river, which is accustomed to carrying sediment and now has none, will pick up the sediment from the streambed below the dam. It is almost as though the river has been starved of its sediment. As in everything else in nature, balance will be achieved one way or the other, often at the expense of one or more species.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The sediment in a dammed river reaches the slow-moving reservoir above the dam and drops out, settling behind the dam. Each dam is engineered to withstand the force of a particular amount of water (this may be very very large). The dam is not engineered to withstand the additional force of tons of wet sediment pressing on the backside. The muddier the river, the faster this heap of sediment will build up. When it builds up very high, either the dam bursts, killing people and destroying settlements downstream, or the reservoirs water pours over the top of the dam. The river downstream of the dam will be like a dead river. It will not have a living river ecosystem filled with fish and birds. The water will be starved of nutrients and provide little or no habitat for animals. In addition, animals that once used the muddiness of the rivers water to conceal them from predators are now overly vulnerable to predation, and may quickly go extinct. A river with dams eventually becomes little more than a dead channel of water. (v) Starving the River   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dams hold back not only sediment, but also debris. The life of organisms (including fish) downstream depends on the constant feeding of the river with debris. This debris includes leaves, twigs, branches, and whole trees, as well as the organic remains of dead animals. Debris not only provides food, it provides hiding places for all sizes of animals and surfaces for phytoplankton and microorganisms to grow. Without flooding and without a healthy riparian zone, this debris will be scarce. Adding to the problem, although debris might come from the river above the dam, it is instead trapped in the reservoir, and never appears downstream. The bottom level of the food web is removed. All in all, the loss of sediment and debris means the loss of both nutrients and habitat for most animals. (vi) Changing Temperature Temperature is another problem. Rivers tend to be fairly homogenous in temperature. Reservoirs, on the other hand, are layered. They are warm at the top and cold at the bottom. If water is released downstream, it is usually released from the bottom of the dam, which means the water in the river is now colder than it should be. Many macro-invertebrates depend on a regular cycle of temperatures throughout the year. When this is changed, their survival is threatened. (vii) Erosion The typical practices in a hydroelectric station are to release large amounts of water in powerful surges during the day in order to provide electricity when demand and prices are highest, and to cut down flow during the night in order to replenish reservoirs for the next day. The cyclic floods caused by this popular practice contribute to the extinction of many species like the salmon by flushing away their spawning gravels during the day and leaving them high and dry at night. Riverbeds become scoured, stripped of their organic materials, sediment, vegetation, and macro-invertebrates. (viii) Stopping Fish Migration   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fish passage is a concern with dams. Many fishes must move upstream and downstream to complete their lifecycles. Dams are often built without fish ladders. When fish ladders are provided, they seldom work as needed. If enough adult fishes do manage to climb above a dam, there remains the issue of their young: how will they get back downstream? Predators kill many while they wander, lost, in the reservoir above the dam. Many are killed in their fall downward through the dam to the river below. They arent killed by the fall itself, but by the high levels of nitrogen gas at the base of the dam.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many fishes that cannot climb dam ladders or leap over low dams. Some of these fishes swim upstream every year to breed, and then let the water carry them back downstream. The eggs of pelagic spawners float downstream, too, which is why the adults must swim far upriver to breed. Otherwise, the baby fish would soon end up in sea. (ix) Social Impacts of Dams: Conflict with people The most important social impact of a dam is displacement of people. The forced removal of people from their homes and the land by which they make a living has been the tragic consequence of dams. Although the people are offered resettlement, the situation leads to disintegration of self-identity and place-connection for both individuals and communities. The social connections are lost and the people find it hard to recover a sense of belonging to both community and the physical environment that supports their existence. The major issues related to displacement are summarized below: Effect Biogeophysical impacts Social impacts Primary (direct) Flooding of reservoir Water diversion and hydrological changes Soil compaction and paving Mountain top removal and stream filling Reduction/depletion of minerals and species Deforestation Creation of barriers to species migration Eviction and resettlement Labour camps Loss of resource due to construction and/or flooding Secondary (indirect) Landslide, flood, and earthquakes from dams Water quality decline Soil salinisation Loss (or gain) of fish and wildlife populations Ecosystem changes leading to pest problems or disease Aquifer disruption causing problems downstream Loss of fish species leads to loss of migratory bird species Loss of access to resources and property Unemployment with project completion Psychosocial stresses Creation of new identities Urbanization as labour camps become permanent Unsustainable agriculture in resettlement area leading to soil erosion Ethnic conflict due to resettlement The inundation of the river valley has significant adverse social impacts by blocking access to natural and social resources of the river valley. This puts pressure on the ecosystem, as fewer resources are available to serve the needs of the population located within the region. Increased competition for commonly held resources, such as wild fruits and vegetables, timber, fodder and firewood, disrupts the subsistence routines of riverine populations. This has the impact of forcing people to forge in new areas that may be further from their homes in and/or in locations that are used by other groups for either similar or conflicting purposes. The dams also seriously affect human health through the spread of disease. For instance, schistosomiasis and malaria proliferate in areas around the still water of dam reservoirs. Beyond creating habitat for disease vectors, dams have been linked with the spread of non-communicable diseases like mercury poisoning. The increase in disease is also attributable to the influx of migratory workers during the time of dam construction. The overall social impact of a surge in disease in communities is to increase social malaise and to circumscribe livelihood opportunities. The process of displacement has affected most the weaker sections of the people in India. The scheduled tribes and castes and backward caste people constitute a large chunk of the displaced people. Women and children suffer the maximum in any displacement. The conditions of people displaced by the various dams in the Narmada have attracted the attention of the Supreme Court of India, and it is observed that the measures at resettlement and in making provision for civic amenities in the new settlements are far below expectation. The total number of people displaced by dams is estimated to be 40 80 million throughout the world a substantial number of these people are Indians (the estimates vary, but the figure is likely to be around 4.4 million people). The people get compensation, but the process is often long-drawn, and sometimes, the actual sufferers are not getting true value for the losses incurred. These are inadequate when compared to the permanent loss of livelihood, and the social and mental cost of displacement. Large Dams in India At independence, in 1947, there were not more than 300 large dams in India. By 2000, the number grew to over 4000, more than half of them built between 1971 and 1989. India ranks third in the world in dam building after US and China. While some of these dams were built primarily for flood control, water supply, and hydroelectric power generation, the primary purpose of most Indian dams (96 percent) remains irrigation. In fact, large dam construction has been the main form of investment in irrigation undertaken by the Indian government. However, much controversy has evoked since 1980s with the Sardar Sarovar Project on the Narmada when the people started asking questions on the social, environmental, and economic costs of dams and their benefits. Most irrigation dams in India are embankment dams. They consist of a wall built across a river to impound water forming a reservoir upstream and a system of spillways and gates to bypass the wall to maintain normal flow and the impounded water flows to canals feeding agriculture fields downstream. People living in the upstream catchment area, lose property and livelihood and gain very little, while people living in the command area (downstream) gain the most from irrigation. Between 1951 and 2000, Indias production of food grains increased fourfold, from 51 million tonnes to about 200 million tonnes resulting in considerable foreign exchange savings in food grains import, and making India a food grain surplus or at least self-sufficient country. About two thirds of this increase has been attributed to rise in irrigated areas, 35 % of which are irrigated by dams. Case Studies The world is building more dams every year. New dams promise more electricity and at the same time, they are devastating to others. A few case studies are briefly described below: The Enawene Nawe, Brazil The Enawene Nawe, a small Amazonian tribe (over 420) who live by fishing in Mato Grosso state, Brazil, is a relatively isolated people. They grow manioc and corn in gardens and gather forest products, like honey but fishing is their main livelihood and fish are a vital part of their diet, as they are one of the few tribes who eat no red meat. During the fishing season, the men build large dams across rivers and spend several months camped in the forest, catching and smoking the fish which is then transported by canoe to their village. For decades, the Enawene Nawe has faced invasion of their lands by rubber tappers, diamond prospectors, cattle ranchers and more recently soya planters Maggi, the largest soya company in Brazil, illegally built a road on their land in 1997 (this was subsequently closed by a federal prosecutor). Although their territory was officially recognized and ratified by the government in 1996, a key area known as the Rio Preto was left out. This area is tremendously important to the Enawene Nawe both economically and spiritually this is where they build their fishing camps and dams, and where many important spirits live. Now, up to 11 dams are planned along the Juruena River, which flows through the Indians territory. The dams will be funded by a consortium of businesses, many of whom are involved in the soya industry. The Enawene Nawe is opposing the dams, and has launched an appeal for support to halt the construction. The Penan, Malaysia In 2008, a leaked map exposed the huge dam plans of the national electricity company in Sarawak, Malaysia. The local Penan people, who are familiar with destructive interference from outsiders, now face a new challenge to their land and livelihoods. Blueprints were accidentally posted on the internet for dams that will submerge homes and villages. To make matters worse, these dams are projected to produce far more electricity than Sarawak uses. The Borneo forests The island of Borneo, a fragile treasure house of rainforests, rare animals and plants, is under threat from plans for Chinese engineers to build 12 dams that will cut through virgin land and displace thousands of native Dayak people. The government of the Malaysian state of Sarawak says the dams are the first stage of a corridor of renewable energy that will create 1.5 million jobs through industries powered by safe, clean hydro-electricity. Campaigners are furious but appear powerless in the face of a project they fear will compound the devastation wrecked on Borneos peoples and land by previous dam projects and the felling of its forests. They point to the ruin caused by the levelling of millions of acres of trees for oil palm plantations to meet the worlds demand for biofuels. The dams would slice across a vast sweep of Sarawak, a place where wisps of cloud cling to remote, tree-clad peaks, huge butterflies flit through the foliage and orang-utans, sun bears and leopards roam. The Bakun dam, a separate project due to be completed by 2011, has already displaced an estimated 10,000 indigenous people, leading to bitter legal battles and a chorus of dismay from economists about cost overruns. For all that, it may be too late to save the natural bounty of Borneo itself. Orphaned orang-utans, piteously holding the outstretched hands of their human saviours, are the most conspicuous symbols of its fragility. Divided between Malaysia and Indonesia, with Brunei occupying a tiny enclave in the north, Borneos riches have ensured its plunder. One reason is the voracious world demand for timber. The other is the biofuels made from palm oil. Almost half of Borneos rainforests have been cut down. Two million acres have vanished every year as trees are felled, the wood sold and the land turned over to oil palms. Enormous fires cast a perpetual pall of toxic haze, making Indonesia the worlds third largest greenhouse gas polluter after China and the United States. Green gold, or palm oil, poses an even more insidious threat because it promises prosperity and development to the numerous poor of Borneo along with immense rewards for the elites. The vegetable oil comes from crushed palm husks. Long used for cooking, cosmetics and soap, it has now become a principal source of biodiesel fuel. Malaysia and Indonesia produce about 85% of the worlds supply of palm oil most of it from Borneo. The price of this apparently environment-friendly fuel is high as the damages far outweigh the benefits. All over Sarawak, tribal people have lost their ancestral lands to similar gambits. The situation in India Bhakra-Nangal Dam This dam is situated in the town Bhakra in Punjab and is Asias biggest dam. The dam is built on the Sutlej River. It is 225.55 m high above sea level. The dam is 518.25 m long and 304.84 m broad. Its huge reservoir known as the Gobindh Sarovar, stores up to 9621 million cu m of water, enough to drain the whole of Chandigarh, parts of Haryana, Punjab and Delhi. It has 4 floodgates, which are fully functional during the period of floods, and also has 2 power- stations situated on either side of the dam. Each of the power plants comprise of 5 generators, and a power station. The total electricity produced in both the generators is 1325 MW. The Narmada River Dams The Narmada River originates from the Maikal ranges at Amarkantak, 1057 m above the sea-level, now in Shahdol district of Madhya Pradesh. The river flows for 1312 km through the three states of Madhya Pradesh (MP), Maharashtra and Gujarat before falling into the Arabian Sea. The valley has been the seat of an uninterrupted flow of human civilization from pre-historic times. The river has supported a variety of people and diverse socio-cultural practices ranging from the relatively autonomous adivasi (tribal) settlements in the forests to non-tribal rural population. The Narmada basin extends over an area of 98,796  km2 and lies between 720 32 E to 810 45 E and 21o 20 N to 23o 45 N. The basin covers large areas in the states of Madhya Pradesh (86%), Gujarat (14%) and a comparatively smaller area (2%) in Maharashtra. In the river course of 1,312  km, there are 41 tributaries, out of which 22 are from the Satpuda range and the rest on the right bank are from the Vindhya range. The valley experiences extremes of hydrometeorological and climatic conditions with the upper catchment having an annual precipitation in the range of 1000  mm to 1850  mm and with half or even less than half in its lower regions (650  mm-750  mm); the diversity of vegetation from lush green in the upper region to dry deciduous teak forest vegetation in the lower region is testimony to this feature. The Narmada basin is drought affected and a large part of North Gujarat, Saurashtra and Kutch constitute semi-arid or arid regions on account of extreme unreliability of rainfall, rendering them chronically drought prone and subject to serious drinking water problems. Teak and Indias best hardwood forests are found in the Narmada River basin and they are much older than the ones in the Himalayas. The lower Narmada River Valley and the surrounding uplands, covering an area of 169,900  km2 consists of dry deciduous forests. The natural vegetation of the region is a three-tiered forest. Tectona grandis is the dominant canopy tree, in association with Diospyros melanoxylon, Dhaora (Anogeissus latifolia), and Boswellia serrata. Riperian areas along the regions rivers and streams, which receive year-round water, are home to moist evergreen forests. The ecoregion is home to 76 species of mammals and to 276 bird species none of which are endemic. According to the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), about 30% of the ecoregion is covered in relatively intact vegetation. The ecoregion includes some large blocks of habitat in the Vindhya and Satpura ranges. About 5% of the ecoregion lies within protected areas, including Bandhavgarh, Panna, and Sanjay National Parks. The valley has some of the important national parks and wild life sanctuaries. Kanha national park located in the upper reaches of Narmada, about 18  km from Mandla, boasts of several wild animals including the Tiger. Two tributaries of Narmada, namley, Hallon and Banjar, flow through this park. It is one of the best National Parks of Asia, which has been described vividly by Rudyard Kipling in his famous creation Jungle Book. Satpura National Park, set up in 1981, is located in Hoshangabad district of Madhya Pradesh and covers an area of 524  km2. Along with the adjoining Bori and Panchmarhi Sanctuaries, it constitutes an area of 1,427  km2 of unique Central Indian Highland ecosystem. Satpura National Park, being part of a unique ecosystem, is very rich in biodiversity. The fauna comprises tiger, leopard, sambar, chital, bhedki, nilgai, four-horned antelope, chinkora, bison (gour), wild boar, wild dog, bear, black bear, black buck, fox, porcupine, flying, mouse deer, Indian jo int squirrel etc. There are a variety of birds. Hornbills and peafowl are the common birds. The flora of the national park consists of mainly sal, teak, tendu, aonla, mohua, bel, bambo, and a variety of grasses and medicinal plants. Madla plant Fossil National park, Dindori National fossils park Ghughuya is situated in Din dori district of Madhya Pradesh in India. This national park has plants in fossil form that existed in India anywhere between 40 million and 150 million years ago spread over seven villages of Mandla District (Ghuguwa, Umaria, Deorakhurd, Barbaspur, Chanti-hills, Chargaon and Deori Kohani). The Mandla Plant Fossils National Park is an area that spreads over 274,100  m2. The Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve covers part of three civil districts viz., Hoshangabad, Betul and Chhindwara of Madhya Pradesh. The total area is 4926.28  km2. It envelops three wildlife conservation units viz., Bori Sanctuary (518.00 km ²), Satpura National Park (524.37  km2), and Pachmarhi Sanctuary (461.37  km2). Satpura National Park comprises the core zone and the remaining area of 4,501.91  km2, surrounding the core zone serves as buffer zone. The area comprises 511 villages. The area exhibits variety of geological rock and soil formations. There is a wide spectrum of floral and faunal features that occupy the Satpura conservation area. It is one of the oldest forest reserves, which has an established tradition of scientific management of forests. It constitutes a large contiguous forest block that harbours a community of plant and animal species typical of the central highland region. Of the 30 big dams proposed along the Narmada, Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP) and Narmada Sagar Project (NSP) are the mega dams. The Maheshwar and Omkareshwar dams along with SSP and NSP, are to form a complex which would ultimately cater to the needs of SSP. The struggle of the people of the Narmada valley against large dams began when the people to be displaced by SSP began organizing in 1985-86. Since then the struggle has spread to encompass other major dams in various stages of planning and construction chiefly Maheshwar, Narmada Sagar, Maan, Goi and Jobat. Tawa and Bargi Dams were completed in 1973 and 1989 respectively. Sardar Sarovar project The Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP) faced stiff opposition from the people right from the planning stage. The Narmada Bachao Andolan (Save the Narmada movement) has been at the forfront of this opposition and at one time the NBA was successful in stopping World Bank funding for the project. A number of cases were filed against the project. However, the Supreme Court of India in 2000 issued a final ruling allowing construction to proceed. It is estimated that nearly 200,000 people would be displaced to construct the reservoir and a large number of people will lose land or livelihood due to project activities. A majority of the displaced people are tribal people. Medha Patkar (born 1 December 1954 in Bombay) is the founder of the Narmada Bachao Andolan and has vowed to work for the displaced people. She is one of Indias most important environmental activists. Her uncompromising insistence on the right to life and livelihood has brought to the fore the basic questions of natural resources, human rights, environment, and developm